(From NewspaperSG)69. (Call no. RCLOS 959.57 SGG)40. RSING 959.57 LEE-[HIS]). Singapore. (From JSTOR via NLBs. Tan Tai Yong, Creating Greater Malaysia: Decolonization and the Politics of Merger (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008), 3337. (From JSTOR via NLBs, 2. The Majority View: Well Balanced Malaysia Commission, Straits Times, 19 January 1962, 8; Felix Abisheganaden,Malaysia Blueprint: Wishes of the People Must Be Respected,Straits Times, 7 February 1962, 1. In December 1962, an anti-colonial revolt broke out in Brunei. (Call no. RSING 324.25957 HUS)53. There were three options. Lim Did Write to MCP, Straits Times, 28 January 1962, 2;The Reds and Lim, Straits Times, 22 January 1962, 1. (From NewspaperSG)25. What might have been and what has been point to one end, which is always present. RSING 959.51035 STO), C. Paul Bradley, Leftist Fissures in Singapore Politics,, , no. Politics and Government. At the heart of the rift was Lees multi-racial slogan, Malaysian Malaysia, which sowed deep distrust among UMNO leaders, especially the ultras, who viewed this as a challenge to their partys raison d'tre of undisputed Malay dominance.34 Further, Singapore leaders were frustrated with the slow progress of the creation of a common market, while Kuala Lumpur was unhappy with Singapore's continued resistance to the federal governments request for increased revenue contributions to combat Konfrontasi, and for an agreed loan to develop North Borneo and Sarawak.35 Separation By the second half of 1965, the stormy political climate in Malaysia showed no signs of relenting. "Suppose [the Malaysian Finance Minister Tan Siew Sin] does not play the game and the common market does not get off the ground - what happens?" Tan,Creating Greater Malaysia, 189; Lau, Moment of Anguish, 1417.65. (Call no. R.S. (From NewspaperSG), , 3 September 1962, 18. The possibility of merger was first raised in May 1961 by the Prime Minister of Malaya. By the week leading to 9 August 1965, separation had become a certainty. Ministry of Culture, Merger Plan.34. Tan,Creating Greater Malaysia, 115.57. (From NewspaperSG), (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003), 1. The event is marked as the day when the island gained independence. Trying to make a political success of an arrangement that lacked an economic rationale was pointless. Means, New Federation in Southeast Asia, 144. (Call no. What might have been and what has been point to one end, which is always present, the poet T.S. Vietnam's richest man, Vuong is the beneficial owner of 99% of VinFast's 2.3 billion ordinary shares after the merger through his flagship company and affiliates. 18, 1. (Call no. (From JSTOR via NLBs eResources website)21. Others who held this view included Mr E.W. The official purpose of the referendum was to allow the people of Singapore to express their preference on the terms of merger with Malaysia. He proposed a unification plan comprisingMalaya, Singapore, Borneo, BruneiandSarawak. 12. Following the failure of Dr Lees proposal to get sufficient support in the assembly, Prime Minister Lee moved to have two alternatives listed in the referendum: (a) merger in accordance with the White Paper or (b) a complete or unconditional merger.9Subsequently, Lim Yew Hock, leader of the Singapore People's Alliance (SPA), proposed to have three questions included in the referendum: (a) merger in accordance with the White Paper; (b) merger on the basis of Singapore as a constituent state of the Federation of Malaysia; or, (c) merger on terms no less favourable than those given to the Borneo territories.10The referendum took place only after much political debate and strategising by the different political parties.11 There were attempts by the opposition parties to declare the referendum invalid.12 Calling themselves the Council of Joint Action, its constituent members included the Liberal Socialists, BS, WP, United Democratic Party and Partai Rakyat.13 They petitioned the United Nations Committee on Colonialism to oppose the governments referendum and the White Paper proposals on merger. Should the number of blank votes cast tip the referendum in favour of alternative B, it would have been the duty of this house to take note of the majority B votes. (Call no. RSING 959.5051 TAN);The Party Manifestoes, Straits Times, 2 April 1955, 1;Merger? The opposition political parties, notably the Barisan Sosialis (BS), were not satisfied with the framing of the referendum as it did not allow voters the choice of rejecting merger altogether. Printer, 1963), 228232. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. There were at least two views within the Singapore leadership then: One, a group that felt that since the common market wasn't in the offing merger was literally useless. Leslie Hoffman,Signing Drama,Straits Times, 10 July 1963, 1. The PAP had agreed to the terms of merger as negotiated with the federal government so as to retain autonomy in education and labour policies to suit Singapores special circumstances. (Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), 280. RSING 959.57 DRY-[HIS]). (Call no. Entering Malaysia on terms no less favourable than the terms for the Borneo territories.16One of the criticisms directed at the referendum was that the wording of the choices favoured the governments merger proposals.17 There was also no option of voting against the merger itself.18The basic assumption was that all citizens wanted merger. A: Before 1945, there was only one Malaya, which included twelve states: the four Federated Malay states (Selangor, Perak, Pahang, and Negri Sembilan), the five Unfederated Malay states (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu), and the three Straits Settlements (Penang, Malacca, and Singapore). But the proposal floundered for a number of reasons: One, it soon became obvious that the Tunku wanted Singapore out of the Malaysian Parliament altogether. Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng and Tan Tai Yong, (Singapore: National Archives of Singapore, 2009), 164165. The third alternative was described as the SPAs preference.21The opposition held that, while being in favour of merger, they could not accept anything less than automatic Malaysian citizenship for all Singapore citizens, and they considered the idea of proportional representation in the federal parliament as a sell-out.22 Under the citizenship clause, naturalised Singapore citizens would have to re-apply to be Malaysian citizens.23 However, just two weeks before the referendum, Lee persuaded then Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman to agree to grant all Singapore citizens Malaysian citizenship regardless of their country of birth. Poteik Chia, Vote Will Be Compulsory for Merger Referendum,Straits Times, 1 June 1962, 1. (From NewspaperSG)12. (From JSTOR via NLBs eResources website), Robert Stephen Milne, Malaysia: A New Federation in the Making,Asian Survey, 3, no. The Tunku saw the contest as a political challenge and an attempt by the PAP to intervene in federal politics.30Subsequently, the winning PAP candidate, Devan Nair, and the rest of the Singapore representatives were branded as opposition in the federal parliament, and Lee was offered the post of leader of the opposition. Contrary to rumours then (and now), this decision to remain behind in Malaysia was his and not that of the Singapore leadership. Superintendent of the Singapore National Referendum, Report of the Superintendent of the Singapore National Referendum, 3.41. He had said on August 9, 1965 that he had fought for merger all his adult life and that he would always look back on that day as "a moment of anguish". (Call no. 2. Lee, Unexpected Nation, 204.10. After Singapore joined the Federation, the PAP announced that it would be sending a token team of candidates to contest the Malaysian general election to be held in April 1964. (Call no. Gordon P. Means, Malaysia A New Federation in Southeast Asia,Pacific Affairs,36, no. 2, Part 1 (June 1965): 306. (Call no. Kevin Y.L. (Call no. Kevin Y.L. Legislative Assembly,Motion of Confidence, vol. (From NewspaperSG)11. (Call no. RCLOS 959.57 SGG)51. (From NewspaperSG); Lee, (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic, 2004), 92. Singapore,Extraordinary, G. N. 55 of Government Gazette, 17 August 1962, 1093. Explaining the arrests, the Internal Security Council (ISC), which had sanctioned the operation, stated that it had evidence pointing to communist infiltration and control of Barisan Sosialis and its affiliated labour unions. RSING 959.5704 LEE-[HIS])19. My father, Devan Nair, was the only PAP candidate to have won a seat in the 1964 Malaysian GE. RSING 959.5703 KWA-[HIS])23. 16641680. (Call no. A proclamation declaring Singapores independence was broadcast on Radio Singapore at 10 am on 9 August 1965. Discussions were concluded when a White Paper, The heads of agreement for a merger between the Federation of Malaya and Singapore, was accepted by the government on 6 December 1961.5Although the government had promised to hold the referendum after the terms of merger were published and before a final decision was made, the referendum was only held nine months later on 1 September 1962.6Legislative Assembly debatesUnder the terms of the Singapore Constitution, an ordinance was required to be passed by members of the Legislative Assembly in order for a national referendum to be held. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic. 15. Answer (1 of 19): Political and economical reasons. The expert answered presciently thus: "In that event, Mr Minister, it's not the common market which should be in danger; the whole concept of Malaysia would be in danger.". RSING 349.5957 SIN). The opposition held that, while being in favour of merger, they could not accept anything less than automatic Malaysian citizenship for all Singapore citizens, and they considered the idea of proportional representation in the federal parliament as a sell-out. Lau, Moment of Anguish, 12.37. Singapore could have become 'one country, two systems' within Malaysia Pang, Peoples Action Party, 19541963, 152.29. In July 1964, and again in September, Singapore exploded in race riots, killing a total of 36 people and injuring 560. lky19601106)18. Smith, Referendum of Politics in Asia, 808. 2 Why did Tunku want to merge with Singapore? Singapore--History--1963-1965 (From National Archives of Singapore, document lky19611124), Singapore: Times Books International, 1984), 301. The one constant in our history has been our audacity. You have reached your limit of subscriber-only articles this month. The opposition political parties, notably the Barisan Sosialis (BS), were not satisfied with the framing of the referendum as it did not allow voters the choice of rejecting merger altogether. Lee, Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, 499;A Great Day for Malayas Partners, (1963, August 31). It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. (From NewspaperSG); Lee, Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, 394399.46. 1964 had been tense: the People's Action Party had decided to contest the Malaysian General Election in April 1964, but won only one seat among the nine it contested in Peninsula Malaysia. (Call no. (From NewspaperSG)62. 1955-1965 Road to independence They were defending Malaysia against Indonesia's "Confrontation" and they weren't prepared to see their rear disintegrate while they defended the frontier. The splintered left-wing group then formed the political party Barisan Sosialis in July 1961.10 The PAP had agreed to the terms of merger as negotiated with the federal government so as to retain autonomy in education and labour policies to suit Singapores special circumstances.11According to the terms, Singapore would be allocated 15 instead of 25 seats (as would have been proportionate to the size of its electorate) in the federal parliament, and all Singapore citizens would retain their Singapore citizenship while automatically becoming citizens of the larger Federation. , 17 September 1963, 1; Felix Abisheganaden,, , 16 September 1963, 4. (Call no. Singapore, Extraordinary, G. N. 55 ofGovernment Gazette, 17 August 1962, 1093. Indonesia also carried out raids in Singapore and the Malaysian Peninsula. The final version of the separation agreement was signed by Goh, Barker, Razak, Malaysian Home Affairs Minister Ismail bin Dato Abdul Rahman, Malaysian Finance Minister Tan Siew Sin and Malaysian Minister for Works V. T. Sambanthan.40Singapores Deputy Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye and Minister for Culture S. Rajaratnam signed the document on 7 August.41Lee then flew back to Singapore on 8 August so the agreement could be signed by the rest of his cabinet members.42 The birth of Singapore A proclamation declaring Singapores independence was broadcast on Radio Singapore at 10 am on 9 August 1965.43The press conference called by Lee at 4.30 pm was also televised. Despite such dissatisfactions, the referendum was carried out with three contentious options for merger being offered to voters.BackgroundThe PAP government was not legally bound to call for a referendum on the issue of merger with the Federation of Malaysia.1 The results of such a referendum would also not have had any legal effect from a constitutional standpoint.2However, then Prime Minster Lee Kuan Yew explained that without a referendum the people would feel that they had missed something by not getting full merger.3 The official purpose of the referendum was therefore to enable the people of Singapore to express their choice on the mode and manner of the inevitable reunification of Malaya and Singapore under the new Federation of Malaysia.4A joint government working committee had already discussed the terms of merger prior to the referendum. Reasons why Singapore wants to merge with Malaya Singapore wants to join the Federation of Malaya because of economy and politic. Not only did Lim Chin Siong, the secretary-general of Barisan Socialis, express support for the uprising, he had met the leader of the Brunei revolt days before. Tan (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1999). The results of the referendum were only announced in the early hours of 2 September 1962. In 1966, Singapore celebrated its 9 August National Day for the first time. The constitutional arrangements set out in Command Paper 33 of 1961 giving Singapore autonomy in education and labour and other agreed matters as amended by agreement between the two governments on the 30 July 1962, by which Singapore citizens will be citizens of Malaysia.B. and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. (From NewspaperSG)10. A referendum on the terms of integration into the Federation of Malaya was held in Singapore on 1 September 1962. Please contact the Library for further resources on the topic. "Singapore shall forever be a sovereign democratic and independent nation," the Proclamation read on August 9, 1965. (From NewspaperSG); Singapore. (Call no. (From JSTOR via NLBs, Pang Cheng Lian, The Peoples Action Party, 19541963,, Robert Stephen Milne, Malaysia: A New Federation in the Making,, , ed. lky19630831);Singapores Claim Not Valid, Straits Times, 4 September 1963, 1. Lee, Battle for Merger, 61.38. He decided to raise the stakes considerably: either the Malaysian leadership settled on our terms - a non-communal, multiracial and multi-religious polity - or they had to let us "hive off", to use a phrase of the Tunku's. Lee, Battle for Merger, 62.40. The referendum on merger with the Federation of Malaysia, also known as the Singapore National Referendum, was held on 1 September 1962. Let me speak personally for a moment to try to revive some of these echoes. 18 of 1962) Uncertain and Umarked Ballot Papers, vol. 1 (March 1969): 152. That we could be a hub in a variety of fields, that MNCs could be our ticket, that we could be the centre of this that or the other - none was obvious. RCLOS 328.595 MAL)32. (From JSTOR via NLBs eResources website), Constance Mary Turnbull, A History of Modern Singapore, 18192005. After the idea of a looser confederation had floundered in February 1965, Mr Lee had adopted a strategy fraught with enormous risk to himself and his colleagues, including the possibility he might have been bumped off, as then British Prime Minister Harold Wilson recognised.
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