Plenty of examples of this architecture are found alongside the Camino de Santiago. Yugoslavia was neutral. [30], The most widely spoken family of languages in Southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. For the first time in history, an entire sea (the Mediterranean) was free of piracy. [31] Historically, Europe has been the center and cradle of Christian civilization. Europe is the second-smallest continent.However, its strategic position in relation to Asia and Africa, as well as navigable rivers and fertile soil, have made Europe a dominant economic, social, and cultural force throughout recorded history. List of Mediterranean countries - Wikipedia Various genres associated with and named after Europe are rooted in Electronic dance music (EDM), and include Europop, Eurodisco, Eurodance and Eurobeat. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. This was enabled by a new type of ships, the caravel, that made trade in the rough Atlantic waters profitable for the first time. After Christianization, Migration Period art developed into various schools of Early Medieval art in Western Europe, which are normally classified by region, such as Anglo-Saxon art and Carolingian art, before the continent-wide styles of Romanesque art and finally Gothic art developed. [25] Genoa, Venice and Pisa created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. The oldest European cave art dates back to 40,800[clarification needed] and can be found in the El Castillo Cave in Spain, but cave art exists across the continent. Europe: Human Geography - National Geographic Society The Nobel Prize laureate in Literature Thomas Stearns Eliot, in his 1948 book Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, credited the prominent Christian influence upon the European culture:[8] "It is in Christianity that our arts have developed; it is in Christianity that the laws of Europe have--until recently--been rooted. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The decoration usually suggested movement; there was no distinction between the structure and the ornament. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, Albania, Greece, Cyprus and all the mediterranean islands, but also in southeast France, the Balkan Mediterranean coast and part of Macedonia. In 1347 the Black Death spread from Constantinople across the mediterranean basin.[34]. By this point the coastal trading cultures were thoroughly dominant over the inland river valleys that had once been the heart of the great powers. If the captive was wealthy or had influential supporters, the captive could be ransomed. Following the British capture of Gibraltar (1713), Malta (1814) and Cyprus (1878), the British Empire occupied Egypt as a result of the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War. The Etruscans, an introduction. By the nineteenth century the European States were vastly more powerful, and began to colonize North Africa. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys, and churches of Europe. [27] The high middle ages also saw the successive rise of two Berber powers, the Almoravids and the Almohads, in the Western Maghreb, fostering the developments of cities such as Marrakech and Fez upon their control over Trans-Saharan trade. Persia would become the first empire, under Darius, to inaugurate and deploy the first regular imperial navy. Spreading first through Italy, Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars, despite Hannibal's famous efforts against Rome in the Second Punic War. The Republic of Venice got to dominate the eastern mediterranean shores after the Fourth Crusade.[32]. Its name comes from the idea of "Deconstruction", a form of semiotic analysis developed by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. Cf. It reached its extreme form in the Rococo style. Art Deco architecture began in Brussels in 19034. Between 831 and 1071, the Emirate of Sicily was one of the major centres of Islamic culture in the Mediterranean. The Black Sea area is a cradle of the European civilization. The base of European power thus shifted northward and the once wealthy Italy became a peripheral area dominated by foreigners. Motivated by religion and dreams of conquest, the kings of Europe launched a number of Crusades to try to roll back Muslim power and retake the holy land. Stig Srensen and R. Thomas, eds.. Daniel Fuks, Avner Ayalon, et al., "Dust clouds, climate change and coins: consiliences of palaeoclimate and economy in the Late Antique southern Levant". The Americas were also a source of extreme wealth to the western powers, from which some of the Mediterranean states were largely cut off. While the cultural advances during the Bronze Age had mostly been confined to the eastern parts of the Mediterranean, with the Iron Age, the entire coastal region surrounding the Mediterranean now becomes involved, significantly due to the Phoenician expansion from the Levant, beginning in ca. Some sporting organizations hold European Championships like European Cricket Council, the European Games, the European Rugby Cup (Club/Regional competition), the European SC Championships, the FIRA - Association of European Rugby, the IIHF, the Mitropa Cup, the Rugby League European Federation - European Championship, the Sport in the European Union and the UEFA. Dutch Golden Age painting is a distinct subset of Baroque, leading to the development of secular genres such as still life, genre paintings of everyday scenes, and landscape painting. An example is the title of the 16 volumes of The Handbook of Middle American Indians. The legacy of Greek culture. Among the greatest Romantic artists were Eugne Delacroix, Francisco Goya, J. M. W. Turner, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich, and William Blake. Ingmar Bergman, first president of the European Film Academy, Entrance to Cinecitt in Rome, Italy, the largest film studio in Europe[16], The cinema of Europe has its own awards, the European Film Awards. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees. These are the Iberian Peninsula, the Apennine Peninsula, and the Balkan Peninsula. It is known for its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, groin vaults, large towers, and decorative arcading. According to Hall, the three levels of identity that each individual has are personal, relational, and communal. [18] Full Persian dominance in the Mediterranean ended after the Greco-Persian War in the 5th century BC, and Persia eventually lost all her influence in the Mediterranean in the late 4th century BC following Alexander's conquests. Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, Romanticism rejected the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists, specifically the highly objective and ordered nature of Neoclassicism, favoring instead a more individual and emotional approach to the arts. Southern Europe's flora is mainly characterized by Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub, but also temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations (article) | Khan Academy Societal identity is one's sense of belonging to a particular cultural or ethnic group. European Travel Commission classification, Geographically a part of Asia, considered a European country in, Sometimes included. Free Flashcards about Comm 120 - StudyStack Roman art was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting and sculpture, but was also strongly influenced by the more local Etruscan art of Italy. The reduction in the Saharan trade weakened North Africa, and made them an easy target for the Ottomans. The Byzantines in the mid-8th century retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. The Crusades led to flourishing of trade between Europe and the outremer region. It is characterized by an absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry. The Republic of Pisa and later the Republic of Ragusa used diplomacy to further trade and maintained a libertarian approach in civil matters to further sentiment in its inhabitants. [19][20], In the Mediterranean coastal areas, olive groves, maquis shrubland, and steppes are very common. EuroVoc is a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union, giving definitions of terms for official use. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. Cultural Geography Europe has a long history of human development and is considered the birthplace of Western Civilization. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. exam 6 pt 4.docx - European and Mediterranean culture includes all the following EXCEPT: Question options: disclosing personal information. Baroque art is often seen as part of the Counter-Reformation the revival of spiritual life in the Roman Catholic Church. "Toward a Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean, 17501919,", Horden, Peregrine and Purcell, Nicholas. Gothic architecture flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. chapter 11 Flashcards | Quizlet In the first phase of this period, almost every city between Troy and Gaza was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied thereafter (for example, Hattusas, Mycenae, Ugarit). The rate of stylistic development between about 750 and 300 BC was remarkable by ancient standards, and in surviving works is best seen in Ancient Greek sculpture. And throughout most of its history, Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture,[23] The Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science. European and Mediterranean culture include all of the following except cyclical worldview. After its conquest by the Christian Normans, the island developed its own distinct culture with the fusion of Latin and Byzantine influences. This definition is relative, although largely based on history, culture, climate, and flora, which is shared across the region. [26], Religion in Europe according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum, 2012[27], Christianity is the largest religion in Europe, with 76.2% of Europeans considering themselves Christian in 2010,[28] As 2010, Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians. The predominant religion in Southern Europe is Christianity. "Mesoamerica" is broadly defined as the area that is home to the Mesoamerican civilization, which comprises a . The rump state of the wider Ottoman Empire became the independent state of Turkey in 1923. When the Mistral and the Tramontane are blowing, this provokes an "upwelling" phenomenon on the French coast. Embraced in the USA first, it spread to Europe. The finished visual appearance is characterized by unpredictability and controlled chaos. Egyptian power moved from the Nile cities to the coastal ones, especially Alexandria. In contrast, Baroque art took the representationalism of the Renaissance to new heights, emphasizing detail, movement, lighting, and drama. The rule through the 6th century AD saw climatic instability, causing inconsistent production, distribution, and a general economic decline. [1], There were a great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject; it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture. Romantic art was inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art and mythology, but also takes much of its aesthetic qualities from medievalism and Gothicism, as well as later mythology and folklore. The world's cultural diversity naturally leads to many types of communication differences from one region to the next. Slovenian is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and Croatia (in Istria) and Macedonian is spoken in North Macedonia. Religions in Global Society - Page 146, Peter Beyer - 2006, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rock Art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, European Film Academy Achievement in Fiction Series Award, History of science in classical antiquity, Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe, Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Compendium of cultural policies and trends in Europe, The Medieval Winter Fairytale of Tallinn Journey Wonders, The Many Faces Of Architecture Of Tallinn Visit Tallinn, Tallinn European Capital of Culture 2011 application, "Leo Tolstoy | Biography, Books, Religion, & Facts | Britannica", "The top 21 British directors of all time", "Cinecitt, c' l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani", "Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Europe&oldid=1171012130, A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from, A rich and dynamic material culture that has been extended to the other continents as the result of, A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of, and respect for, a legality that guarantees. This however had the indirect effect of promoting the trade across the Caspian Sea. After the Third Punic War, Rome then became the leading force in the Mediterranean region. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. A high-context culture is a culture or society that communicates dominantly through the use of contextual elements, such as specific forms of body language, the status of an individual, and. [3] One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes:[4]. Under the Kppen climate classification, "hot dry-summer" climates (classified as Csa) and "cool dry-summer" climates (classified as Csb) are often referred to as just "Mediterranean". It was, initially at least, directly linked to the Counter-Reformation, a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself in response to the Protestant Reformation. It covers many different styles of art including the polychrome style and the Scythian and Germanic animal style. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. Ancient Greek architecture was produced by the Greek-speaking people whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD. Among surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campania, in Southern Italy, especially at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Early Christian art grew out of Roman popular, and later Imperial, art and adapted its iconography from these sources. Postmodern architecture emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. This definition is relative, although largely based on history, culture, climate, and flora, which is shared across the region. [10], As of 1990, gold artifacts found at the Wadi Qana cave cemetery of the 4th millennium BC in the West Bank were the earliest from the Levant.[11]. In 1897, Georges Mlis established the first cinema studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil, near Paris. [1] It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. While rejecting the "puritanism" of modernism, it called for a return to ornament, and an accumulation of citations and collages borrowed from past styles. Cultural Relativism The idea that all cultures are of equal value and need to be studied from a neutral point of view. Some parts of Southern Europe have humid subtropical climates with warm and wet summers, unlike typical Mediterranean climates. Q.35: Culture includes all of the following, except: A. This climate is mainly found in Italy and Croatia around the Adriatic Sea in cities such as Venice and Trieste, but also further north, near the Alpine foothills, in cities such as Como and Lugano. [41] Kppen climate classification Continental Portugal has a clear contrast between the cool to warm ( Csb) and hot ( Csa) summers. English is also widely spoken in Cyprus. The Nok Culture - National Geographic Society The late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. It was based upon new technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete; and upon a rejection of the traditional neoclassical architecture and Beaux-Arts styles that were popular in the 19th century. [36][37][38], See: Hinduism by country, Buddhism in Europe, Sikhism by country, See: Religion in Europe, History of Atheism, Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment. True. From the 17th century, Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism. For several centuries, the Mediterranean was a "Roman Lake", surrounded on all sides by the empire. The Fatimids maintained trade relations with the Italian city-states like Amalfi and Genoa before the Crusades, according to the Cairo Geniza documents. Western European Drinking Practices - Alcohol Research and Health History [note 16]. Their Macedonia empire included present-day Greece, Bulgaria, Egypt, the Phoenician lands and many other basin regions of the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. on | Course Hero View exam 6 pt 4.docx from EDUCATION EC410 at Ashworth College. "The Mediterranean and 'the New Thalassology'". [1] Figures often varied in size in relation to their importance, and landscape backgrounds, if attempted at all, were closer to abstract decorations than realism. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. Solved European and Mediterranean culture includes all the - Chegg Emphasis was placed on nature, especially when aiming to portray the power and beauty of the natural world, and emotions. There were several things which could happen to people in the Mediterranean region of the Middle Ages: Emperors would take large numbers of prisoners, parade them through the capital, hold feasts in honour of their capture and parade diplomats in front of them as a display of victory.[31]. European and Mediterranean culture includes all the following except Cyclical worldview According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the term "white" applies to persons having origins in Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa True The self-reliance as part of the European culture can be traced into Affordable Care Act As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. In the wake of the aftermath of the 17681774 Russo-Turkish War, the Russian empire gained direct access to the Black Sea.[37]. Secular art came into its own during the gothic period alongside the creation of a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works. Etymology French medal commemorating the Franco-Turkish War in Cilicia, c. 1920 The term Levant appears in English in 1497, and originally meant 'the East ' or 'Mediterranean lands east of Italy'. The popes forbade the export of these commodities to the Islamic world. Baroque was characterized by new explorations of form, light, and shadow, and a freer treatment of classical elements. See Answer Question: European and Mediterranean culture includes all the following except: You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. A plurality of states with different political orders, which are feeding each other with new ideas; Respect for peoples, states, and nations outside Europe. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. Romantic art often used colors in order to express feelings and emotions. The high point of Phoenician culture and sea power is usually placed ca. The last resistance in Tunisia ended in 1574 and almost a generation long siege in Crete pushed Venetians out of this strategic island in 1669. Early history The Fertile Crescent in the 2nd millennium BC. Folk music: Europe has a wide and diverse range of indigenous music, sharing common features in rural, traveling, or maritime communities. New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period Late, Ptolemaic, and Roman Periods Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush. Furthermore, it sought inspiration from the artistic forms and ornamentation of Far Eastern Asia, resulting in the rise in favor of porcelain figurines and chinoiserie in general. The location of these peninsulas in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as their mountainous reliefs, provide them with very different types of climates (mainly subtropical Mediterranean) from the rest of the continent. The subject matter of monumental Byzantine art was primarily religious and imperial: the two themes are often combined, as in the portraits of later Byzantine emperors that decorated the interior of the sixth-century church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. At higher elevations, or latitudes, they are replaced by chestnut and (often coppiced) mixed forests. [13] The cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and Syria, and the Egyptian Empire in Syria and Israel, the scission of long-distance trade contacts and sudden eclipse of literacy occurred between 1206 and 1150 BC. Despite these prohibitions, trade of contraband occurred on both sides. In many areas, especially England and Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century. Full-length human figures of any size are so rare that their absence may represent a religious taboo. Grades 5 - 8 Subjects Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations Image Nok Terracotta Bas-relief Sculpture The Greeks spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (the so-called "Magna Graecia") and Asia Minor. Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but differed from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. Deconstructivist architecture is a movement of postmodern architecture which appeared in the 1980s, which gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed building. List of Mediterranean countries Political map of the Mediterranean Sea as of September 2004. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. Here are the past and future capitals: Cederman (2001:2) remarks: "Given the absence of an explicit legal definition and the plethora of competing identities, it is indeed hard to avoid the conclusion that Europe is an essentially contested concept." With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed, and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guildas a result, because of better record-keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous. also Davies (1996:15); Berting (2006:51). (See the Latin Arch.) In contrast with Romanticism, which was essentially optimistic about mankind, Realism offered a stark vision of poverty and despair. In the definition of "Southern Europe", the following countries are included:[34], The United Nations geoscheme is a system devised by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) which divides the countries of the world into regional and subregional groups, based on the M49 coding classification. Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian civilizations. Gothic art was often typological in nature, showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. The hetairoi (Companion cavalry) was considered the strongest of their time. Christian thought had a huge influence on many fields of European philosophy (as European philosophy has been on Christian thought too), sometimes as a reaction. Cultural Adaptation The degree to which a person or community has adapted to the dominant culture and retained their traditional practices. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. In Anatolia, the Muslim expansion was blocked by the still capable Byzantines with the help of the Tervel of Bulgaria. Besides fragmentation, Deconstructivism often manipulates the structure's surface skin and creates by non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture. Quiz 11 10/10 Flashcards | Quizlet Europe: Resources - National Geographic Society The partition is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories. It was expressed through decoration. However "European" as cultural term did not include the territories where the Orthodox Church represented the dominant religion until 19th century.[9]. The threat of becoming a slave was a constant fear for peasants, fishermen and merchants. Jordan-Bychkov (2008:13), Davies (1996:15), Berting (2006:51-56). The Bronze Age arises in this region during the final centuries of the 4th millennium. Mycenaean Greece - Wikipedia Romanesque architecture combines features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe e.g., Greece, Serbia and North Macedonia are generally Eastern Orthodox. Southern Europe is focused on the three peninsulas located in the extreme south of the European continent. Surviving European prehistoric art mainly comprises sculpture and rock art. The Romans called the area mare nostrum, and it could still be referred to that way if we interpret the word nostrum in a different way, as a reference to us, human beings. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. [2] Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe. [24] Eventually this ecumenical conflict ended when new playersEngland, Holland and Francereplaced Spain and Portugal as the main agents of European imperialism in the mid-17th century. Donate or volunteer today! Saints' lives were often depicted. John A. Marino, "The Exile and His KingdomThe Reception of Braudels Mediterranean,", Burke, III, Edmund. The Arab invasions disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while cutting the trade route with Oriental lands. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials, and is most frequently seen in churches. Knap of Howar and Skara Brae, the Orkney Islands, Scotland, are stone-built Neolithic settlements dating from 3,500 BC. Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalized characteristics, both of structure and decoration. [35], In the UN geoscheme, the following countries are classified as Southern Europe:[35], European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features its geography, climate, and flora. [20] The Sasanians gained territory on Mediterranean land regularly, but the Eastern Romans remained superior in the Mediterranean sea for centuries. Prehistoric Celtic art is another distinct grouping from much of Iron Age Europe and survives mainly in the form of high-status metalwork skillfully decorated with complex, elegant, and mostly abstract designs, often using curving and spiral forms. [17] Even by then no true "imperial navy" had existed either in Greece or Egypt.
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