Although there are variations in terms of categorization of personal values, previous studies have provided quite consistent results showing that prioritizing extrinsic achievements, such as money, is adversely associated with subjective well-being in general. Billieux J. Problematic use of the mobile phone: a literature review and a pathways model. Life Goals and Well-being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving. Theres some evidence that the link between happiness and longevity doesnt extend to the illor at least not to the very ill. A 2005 meta-analysis, aggregating the results of other studies on health and happiness, speculates that experiencing positive emotion is helpful in diseases with a long timeline but could actually be harmful in late-stage disease. Females tended to be happier than males. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In particular, previous findings demonstrate a strong relationship between academic achievement and emotional state. How Do We Ensure That Students of Color Feel Respected? The age of smartphone users has declined, and problematic smartphone usage has widely expanded such that young children are also affected by such devices. However, only a limited number of studies have assessed how these factors affect one another and how they contribute to childrens adjustment. The Pauline Newman Award for 2023 - IPWatchdog.com | Patents Moreover, these findings suggest that helping children gain more positive experiences and achieve a higher level of adaptation to school life is important for their overall happiness. Note that percentages of reported happiness were lower across all personal values in 2009 than in 2007 and 2008 due to the different response categories used in 2009. Greater Good In Education. Background Recent trends on measurement of well-being have elevated the scientific standards and rigor associated with approaches for national and international comparisons of well-being. Yang Q, Tian L, Huebner ES, Zhu X. Kim CM, Lee JY. The triarchic model of grit is linked to academic success and well-being among Filipino high school students. A few studies have investigated more diverse or specific personal values. This finding is consistent with a previous study showing that collective-centered values are more beneficial for well-being than are self-centered values [19]. The role of peer groups in adolescents educational expectations and adjustment. Rhee UH, Lee JR, Kim MS, Jun HJ. Copyright 2016 Society for the Study of School Psychology. At the macro level, the government should pay closer attention at the policy level targeting school-aged children who have difficulties in adapting to school. The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. We analyzed Model 4, as a supplementary model, excluding the year 2009 (which had different response categories compared to other years) to check whether personal values remained associated with happiness. Monthly household income was measured as a continuous variable in Korean 10,000 Won increments. However, evidence suggests that having a high IQ is hardly a guarantee for financial, academic, or creative success. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, GUID:24C7D87F-12AE-43D3-8634-BCB4FAE220F2, Children, School adaptation, Academic achievement, General happiness, Moderated mediating model. In contrast, we expect that life domains related to social relationships (alter-centered rather than self-centered) or self-transcendence are positively associated with happiness. School adaptation is a central task because children establish key social relationships at school, develop overall adaptability, and experience interactions with different systems as well as the wider world (Santrock, 2011). After receiving the first two doses, participants rated themselves on those same nine positive emotions. Before In a 2008 study, researchers monitored 76 patients suspected to have coronary artery disease. In K. M. Sheldon, & R. E. Lucas (Eds.). But is humor connected to mindfulness? The findings showed that respondents prioritizing religion (i.e., spirituality) were the most likely to be happy, followed by those prioritizing social relationships, including family, friends, and neighbors. To recap, this theory of happiness proposes that happiness is the result of one's overall emotional state. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies DeHaan, C. R., & Ryan, R. M. (2014). From the bottom (1) to the top (10), where would you put yourself on the scale? Self-rated health was measured on a 5-point scale, and it was included in additional models examining the 2007 and 2009 data only because the 2008 KGSS did not include a self-rated health question. In contrast, about 54.7% of respondents prioritizing extrinsic achievements answered that they were happy, which was the lowest observed value. South Korean society is therefore somewhat unique in the East Asian region for simultaneously maintaining Confucian family-oriented values together with Christianity. Follow her on Twitter! International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. The site is secure. Although the three years of data are not panel data, analyzing them as a pooled sample increases the statistical power for our analyses. Available from: A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data, Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes, Leaving my religion: Understanding the relationship between religious disaffiliation, health and well-being. Are High IQ People More Successful? - Verywell Mind As of 2015, it is reported that about 43.9% of Koreans have a religion. Although it is meaningful that previous studies have captured the relative propensity of individuals by using composite measures of personal values and goals [5, 8], less is known about whether and how personal values attached to specific life domains are associated with happiness. A significant difference between prioritizing extrinsic achievements and prioritizing health persisted in our supplementary models (S3 Table), in which extrinsic achievements was set as the referent category. The association between school adaptation and academic achievement was significant at -1 SD, b=0.164, SE=0.014, 95% CI [0.135, 0.192], the mean, b=0.191, SE=0.011, 95% CI [0.168, 0.213], and +1 SD of problematic smartphone usage, b=0.228, SE=0.016, 95% CI [0.198, 0.259]. It is probable that prioritizing a specific life domain is negatively associated with happiness as the life domain is more based on self-centered value or self-interest. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The site is secure. International Journal of Early Childhood. Internal consistency of the scale in Kim et al.s (2002) study was 0.91, and 1.00 in the current data. National Library of Medicine In this scenario, individuals who are currently focused on prioritizing extrinsic achievements might not achieve happiness by being counseled to redirect their attention to their social relationships. Gentile DA, Nathanson AI, Rasmussen EE, Reimer RA, Walsh DA. For example, a 2005 paper found that happiness predicts lower heart rate and blood pressure. Dopamine can provide an intense feeling of reward. The reference group for educational attainment in the analytic models was high school graduates. The sampling method (i.e., multistage area proportional probability sampling), interview protocols, and data-processing procedures used for the KGSS conform to those used for the General Social Survey (GSS) conducted in the United States. In the current study we sought to investigate the effects of ones personal values regarding core life domains on happiness. 2021 Dec 24;19(1):187. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010187. Prioritizing social relationships, including family, friends, and neighbors, was associated with a greater likelihood of happiness, whereas prioritizing extrinsic achievements, such as money and power, or physical self (i.e., health) was adversely associated with happiness. Data were drawn from the Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) collected in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Accessibility Table 1 presents the descriptive characteristics of the sample for the pooled data and for each survey year. However, the findings of the current study demonstrate that the extent of such negative effects may depend on adaptation level of children. For example, self-transcendence, including universalism and benevolence, is opposite to self-enhancement, including achievement and power, while openness to change is opposite to conservation [17]. Therefore, it is necessary to closely observe and apply the findings of studies on the effects of smartphone usage on children. Items such as I often fight with my family over problems with smartphone usage and I use my smartphone in one place without moving for more than four hours a day were included, and a higher score indicates problematic smartphone usage. 3. These studies clearly suggest that happiness is influenced by the personal values people hold in various life domains. S1 Table presents the results of Poisson regression models corresponding to the analytical models of Table 3. PDF The Secret to Happiness - American Psychological Association (APA) Epub 2018 Jun 21. The data were analyzed anonymously. We used the Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) of a nationally representative sample, collected over three years (i.e., 2007, 2008, and 2009), which asked respondents to indicate their most valued life domain among the 10 presented, such as family and money, and to rate their happiness. It is not surprising that students who adapt well to school where education is the primary purpose, are more likely to evidence better academic achievement and subsequently experience more positive emotions as well as a sense of well-being (Yang et al., 2019). Kasser T, Ryan RM. Table 2 summarizes the descriptive statistics across personal values and provides the results of the Chi-squared or analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests comparing proportions or means of variables across the categories of personal values. For example, although health is conceptualized as intrinsic value [5, 20], it may have different meaning and effect for individuals compared with other intrinsic values or goals such as prioritizing family and friend. It is perhaps one of the most salient of human pursuits (Diener, Sapyta, & Suh, 1998). Results revealed that school adaptation affected general happiness of children through academic performance, and problematic smartphone usage demonstrated significant moderating effects on the relationship between school adaptation and academic achievement. The keys to happiness: Associations between personal values - PLOS For example, a 2005 paper found that happiness predicts lower heart rate and blood pressure. However, the association between interdependent happiness and key academic outcomes has remained unexplored. Specifically, it has more significance that data in this study was collected from the informant who could report the variable best. The happiest participants had 23 percent lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol than the least happy, and another indicator of stressthe level of a blood-clotting protein that increases after stresswas 12 times lower. Kim, C., Kim, D., Park, J., & Lee, S. (2002). The optimal level of school satisfaction. But all of these books and classes raise the question: Why bother? Mission impossible. It is closely related to quality of life and mental health status, and a higher sense of happiness leads to greater positive emotions and physical and emotional health (Heizomi et al., 2015). Statistics Korea. Hou XL, Wang HZ, Guo C, Gaskin J, Rost DH, Wang JL. We work together to continuously improve lives, we all play a part in shaping and living the culture of our organizations, and we are all called to make meaningful contributions with a lasting positive impact. At the mezzo level, school authorities may implement preventive interventions concerning students problematic smartphone usage, especially for students with a lower degree of school adaptation. Choi J, Park Y, Kim HE, Song J, Lee D, Lee E, Lee Y. This research suggests that if you try explicitly to engage with more people, you can do things that will make you more socially connected. This has influenced many scholars to seek other factors that determine subjective well-being [45]. With greater social comparison, there is higher likelihood of frustration and dissatisfaction with individual achievements. To measure personal values regarding life domains, respondents were asked to choose two items as the first and second most important domain in life among the following 10 items: (1) leisure; (2) friends; (3) power; (4) neighbors; (5) health; (6) money; (7) educational attainment; (8) religion; (9) family; (10) work. Shah RR, Fahey NM, Soni AV, Phatak AG, Nimbalkar SM. How can one attain this state of well-being? The interaction between school adaptation and problematic smartphone usage mediates the effect of academic achievement on childrens general happiness. These questions motivated the current study to directly investigate how prioritizing specific life domains relates to happiness. More children were reported to be engaged in problematic smartphone usage than before COVID-19 in Korea (Choi et al., 2021). the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Various students responded that they overuse smartphone even at school, and smartphone usage distracts them from studying, suggesting that using smartphones excessively is an interfering factor that may prevent students from focusing on academic work (Lin et al., 2014; Tindell & Bohlander, 2012). It has been discussed that prioritizing time over money is beneficial for happiness because it can improve the quality of social relationships [910]. Proposed theoretical moderated-mediation model. In addition, reciprocal associations among the key variables were found. The current study examined the association of interdependent happiness with key academic outcomes such as autonomous motivation, engagement, and achievement using both cross-sectional (Study 1) and longitudinal (Study 2) approaches. confronting symptom-based versus processbased approaches. Received 2018 Aug 21; Accepted 2018 Dec 12. A large proportion of studies focusing on younger children primarily depend on parental report measures (e.g., Shah et al., 2019). Kiss H, Fitzpatrick KM, Piko BF. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Happiness may increase as individuals prioritize alters over egos, and egos over extrinsic rewards, which provides an ironic, but important implications about happiness in the individualistic and materialistic world. Greater Good wants to know: Do you think this article will influence your opinions or behavior? Although health is often conceptualized as an intrinsic value [5, 20], prioritizing health might be more self-centered than prioritizing social relationships. The supplementary sets of multiple linear regression models included the dependent variable as a continuous variable by multiplying the 4-point scale by 5 and multiplying the 5-point scale by 4 so that we could examine the continuous dependent variable with a 20-point scale and test if it had consistent results with Poisson regression analyses examining the dichotomized dependent variable. National Library of Medicine Fr. Jerry Orbos, SVD - LIVE NOW: HOLY MASS 9:30AM - Facebook Bradburn (1969) put forward the argument that happiness is made up of two separate components that are quite independent and uncorrelated: positive affect and negative affect. 5 Components of Happiness - PsychSavvy 2016- [cited 2018 Jan. 12]. Reported happiness varied across the survey years, but we also observed consistent patterns linking personal values with happiness (Fig 1). Dopamine is most notably involved in helping us feel pleasure as part of the brain's reward system. Nong W, He Z, Ye JH, Wu YF, Wu YT, Ye JN, Sun Y. Healthcare (Basel). Psychologist and the founder of Positive Psychology, Martin Seligman, Ph.D., describes the elements of happiness as consisting of 5 elements using the acronym "PERMA" (Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Achievement): Positive Emotion: Positive emotion can also be thought of as a feeling of optimism about yourself . SAI is completed by the teachers and is evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale. MeSH Cunha IPD, Pereira AC, Meneghim MC, Frias AC, Mialhe FL. Galindo C, Sheldon SB. Results showed that the goals which were associated with the values gave more satisfaction to the participants than the ones which were not. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Statistics Korea. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries, In: Zanna M, editor. Over the course of the study, those with higher ratings overall were less likely to experience increases in pain. Prioritizing extrinsic achievements was again adversely associated with happiness. 1. Some of the same researchers wanted to investigate why happier people might be less susceptible to sickness, so in a 2006 study they gave 81 graduate students the hepatitis B vaccine. 2011 Mar;81(Pt 1):59-77. doi: 10.1348/000709910X503501. Science Center The Science & Psychology Of Goal-Setting 101 - PositivePsychology.com A specific indicator of extrinsic values, viz. Descriptive statistics and correlations among main variables (N=695). Do you see what I see? Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Socio-demographic factors including gender, age, educational attainment, and marital status were measured. Problematic smartphone usage is deeply related to school life of children. Impact of unintended pregnancy on maternal mental health: a causal analysis using follow up data of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). Explore the relationship between meaning & happiness, Read Rick Hanson's "How to Trick Your Brain for Happiness.". An official website of the United States government. Rev Saude Publica. The Associated Press is an independent global news organization dedicated to factual reporting. Hefner D, Knop K, Schmitt S, Vorderer P. Rules? However, most of the previous studies only rely on self-report of children or adolescents or parental report (e.g., Heizomi et al., 2015; Shah et al., 2019). In the wake of such stress, the hearts of the happiest students recovered most quickly. Therefore, it is not realistic to forbid children to use smartphone unconditionally. 3. In addition, happiness was seen as fleeting, while meaningfulness seemed to last longer. Psychological and emotional effects of Digital Technology on Children in Covid-19 Pandemic. We classified the personal values into four categories: prioritizing social relationships, extrinsic achievements, physical self, and spirituality. Instead of merely affecting symptoms, happiness seemed to be literally working on a cellular level. On the other hand, extrinsic values can be harmful for interpersonal and social relationships. Is a Happy Life Different from a Meaningful One? - Greater Good government site. Tindell DR, Bohlander RW. We used Poisson regression models with robust error variances for a binary outcome [30] given that our dependent variable (happiness) had high prevalence. Kira M. Newman is the managing editor of Greater Good. Participants who were recruited from 30 hospitals across the country were interviewed face to face with trained interviewers. Kim S, Kim J, Moon Y, Shin S. Korean General Social Survey, 2012 8600 Rockville Pike Diseth , Danielsen AG, Samdal O. Here are some tips for educators and leaders to help make their experience better. Verkuyten M, Thijs J. Investigators ask people about their current feelings, whether they are hopeful about the future etc. In a 2011 study, almost 4,000 English adults ages 52-79 reported how happy, excited, and content they were multiple times in a single day. 2017 Apr 9;20:E22. Her work has been published in outlets including the Washington Post, Mindful magazine, Social Media Monthly, and Tech.co, and she is the co-editor of The Gratitude Project. and transmitted securely. Stavrova O, Fetchenhauer D, Scholsser T. Why are religious people happy? It further highlights that school environment is a main realm of functioning for children and adaptation to school plays an essential role in well-being. Here, happier people were 35 percent less likely to die over the course of about five years than their unhappier counterparts. Humor can help us with stress, anxiety, and feeling more connected to others. In sum, our findings showed how level of happiness is ranked according to the priority assigned to different personal values, with the highest level of happiness associated with spirituality, followed by social relationships, physical self, and (lastly) extrinsic achievements. It has been widely observed that extrinsic values are negatively associated with happiness in Western as well as non-Western societies [8, 18]. Additionally, spirituality, which can be classified into the dimension of self-transcendence or selflessness, is even more beneficial for happiness than is prioritizing social relationships. The KGSS included both the personal value and happiness questions analyzed in the study for the three-year period only. While happiness can lengthen our lives, it cant perform miracles. Pursuing material gains is negatively associated with quality of interpersonal relationships [2526] and increases difficulty of achieving a familywork balance [27], which then decreases subjective well-being. A longitudinal study on early school adjustment and the academic performance of children in low-income familie. A longitudinal study has reported that prioritizing family over work and leisure results in higher life satisfaction [11]. In a 2010 study, researchers invited nearly 2,000 Canadians into the lab to talk about their anger and stress at work. One of the variables related to school adaptation is academic achievement. In the study, participants rated their happiness over 30 times in one day and then again three years later. Interdisciplinary teams excel when we respect and remain focused on the shared vision, mission and values. In a similar vein, previous studies have demonstrated that protective factors can neutralize or minimize the negative effect of problematic smartphone usage (e.g., Kiss et al., 2020). Symptoms of wellness: Happiness and eudaimonia from a self-determination perspective.
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